The encyclical is also a direct challenge to those in positions of power regarding their responsibilities in curbing the threats posed by AI. Pope Leo specifically condemned the use of AI in warfare. He argued that reducing human control over weaponry makes it increasingly difficult to justify a war as "just." He warned against launching an AI arms race, stating unequivocally, "No algorithm can make war morally acceptable."

The Pope elaborated that AI does not remove the "intrinsic inhumanity" of conflict. Instead, it risks sparking violence more quickly and rendering it more impersonal by "lowering the threshold for resorting to violence." He described a dangerous shift where defense becomes "threat prediction," effectively transforming victims into mere data points. Beyond warfare, Leo decried the impact of AI on politics, particularly the manipulation of images and videos. He noted that such technologies expose people to biased or misleading perspectives, undermining the integrity of public discourse and democratic processes.

To address these issues, the Pope issued a "special appeal" to developers of AI systems. He stated that "Developers bear a particular ethical and spiritual responsibility, for every design choice reflects a vision of humanity." This sentiment was echoed by Christopher Olah, who noted that every AI lab operates "inside a set of incentives and constraints that can sometimes conflict with doing the right thing." Olah emphasized that it would be a mistake to believe AI matters are best handled solely by computer scientists, adding that "The questions raised by AI are bigger than the AI research community, not just in their implications, but also in their nature."

The document also acknowledges the potential pitfalls of AI while drawing comparisons to the industrial revolution. Leo likened the current need for safeguards to protect people from AI developments to the protections established to ensure human dignity during industrialization. He suggested that failing to act against the risks of AI today would be akin to the historical delay in denouncing slavery. By invoking the concept of digital slavery, Leo highlights the systemic exploitation inherent in unchecked technological growth.

At one point, the Pope warned against the normalization of exploitation in both the production and application of AI technologies. He suggested that without immediate and rigorous ethical frameworks, the world could face a new era of oppression masked as innovation. The encyclical calls for a broader societal conversation that extends beyond technical specifications to include moral and spiritual dimensions.

Pope Leo's Commission Faces Technological Reality

Pope Leo has convened a new commission to take his work forward, aiming to translate these moral principles into actionable guidelines. However, significant questions remain regarding the effectiveness of these efforts in the face of rapid technological advances. The challenge is underscored by the experience of his predecessor, Pope Francis, who wrote the encyclical "Laudato Si" on climate change in 2015. In 2023, he expressed disappointment in the inaction that followed, highlighting the difficulty of aligning global policy with urgent ethical imperatives. As the tech industry continues to evolve at an unprecedented pace, the world will watch closely to see if the Vatican’s call to disarm AI and reject digital slavery can inspire meaningful global reform. The success of this new commission will depend on its ability to bridge the gap between spiritual authority and the complex, profit-driven realities of the global technology sector.